Abstract The change and intensification of land use has been generating impoverishment of soils with negative effects on biological communities. It was analyzed the bacterial composition of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) cultivation soils by Illumina sequencing in the Bombón plateau, during 2019. Three sampling sectors were defined, a control sector (natural soil) and two sectors with use pressure ("first use" and "second use" soils). Soil physicochemical indicators were determined through analytical methods and the composition of bacterial communities through Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The results of pH and EC, in control soils and with use pressure, varied from 7.51 to 4.53 and from 0.06 to 0.47 dS/m, respectively. The highest OM, N, P, K and Ca contents were recorded in control soils, decreasing significantly in soils with use pressure. Principal components analysis (PCA) presented a percentage of total variation of 97.1%. Illumina sequencing revealed 3776 bacterial families. SIMPER analysis showed that the highest contribution percentages were made by the Acidobacteriaceae (2.95%), Verrucomicrobiaceae (2.68%), Thermoactinomycetaceae (2.11%) and Akkermansiaceae (2.10%) families. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed a good association between physicochemical variables and bacterial families. The metagenomic analysis has allowed the identification of bacterial families that can be used as indicators of good and bad soil physicochemical quality according to the pressure of use by maca crops. As well as the best physicochemical indicators predictive of changes in the composition of bacterial communities.

Resumen El cambio e intensificación de uso del suelo ha dado lugar al empobrecimiento de los suelos con efectos negativos en las comunidades biológicas. Se analizó la composición bacteriana de suelos de cultivo de maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp) mediante secuenciación Illumina en la meseta de Bombón, durante el año 2019. Se definieron tres sectores de muestreo, un sector control (suelo natural) y dos sectores con presión de uso (suelos “primer uso” y “segundo uso”, respecto al cultivo de maca). Se determinaron los indicadores fisicoquímicos del suelo mediante métodos analíticos y la composición de las comunidades bacterianas mediante secuenciación Illumina de los amplicones del gen de ARNr 16S. Los resultados de pH y CE, en suelos control y con presión de uso, variaron de 7,51 a 4,53 y de 0,06 a 0,47 dS/m, respectivamente. Los contenidos más altos MO, N, P, K y Ca se registraron en los suelos control disminuyendo significativamente en suelos con presión de uso. El análisis de componentes principales (ACP) presentó un porcentaje de variación total del 97,1 %. La secuenciación Illumina reveló 3776 familias bacterianas. El análisis SIMPER mostró que los mayores porcentajes de contribución lo realizaron las familias Acidobacteriaceae (2,95%), Verrucomicrobiaceae (2,68%), Thermoactinomycetaceae (2,11%) y Akkermansiaceae (2,10%). El análisis de redundancia (AR) mostró una buena asociación entre las variables fisicoquímicas y las familias bacterianas. El análisis metagenómico ha permitido identificar familias bacterianas que pueden ser usadas como indicadores de buena y mala calidad fisicoquímica del suelo según presión de uso por cultivos de maca; así como, a los mejores indicadores fisicoquímicos predictores de los cambios de la composición de las comunidades bacterianas.

Resumo O potencial de fitoabsorção de metais provenientes de Hydrocotyle ranunculoides foi avaliado para mitigar a contaminação da água nas áreas úmidas altas andinas do Peru. As plantas foram selecionadas de 10 zonas úmidas da comunidade de Pomachaca-Tarma e lavadas com água potável, secas, moídas, pesadas, quimicamente digeridas e lidas com o equipamento de absorção atómica Varian AA 240. A planta apresentava concentrações de cobre na raiz de 12.08 ± 1.67 mg/kg seco, no caule de 7.37 ± 1.00 mg/kg seco e nas folhas de 7.37 ± 1.56 mg/kg seco. Quanto às concentrações de chumbo na raiz foi de 0.228 ± 0.711 mg/kg seco, no caule e nas folhas não foi encontrado. O zinco mais elevado estava na raiz 67.52 ± 12.57 mg/kg seco, no caule 53.30 ± 0.61 mg/kg seco e seguido pelas folhas 43.99 ± 8.49 mg/kg seco. Finalmente, o ferro era mais elevado na raiz com 5571.28 ± 693.94 mg/kg seco, depois nas folhas 342.76 ±122.09 mg/kg seco e seguido do caule 291.94 ± 54.84 mg/kg seco. A água circundante tinha pH entre 7.2 e 7.6. Não foram encontrados cobre e chumbo, o zinco foi 0.005 ± 0.012 mg/L e o ferro 0.009± 0.007 mg/L. No sedimento, o cobre foi 26.12 ± 0.65 mg/kg seco, o chumbo 28.25 ± 2.41 mg/kg seco, o zinco 85.98 ± 11.38 mg/kg seco e o ferro 26111.89 ± 614.37 mg/kg seco. Estes resultados indicam que esta planta absorve metais na ordem de Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb e é uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento da fitotécnica, orientada para o tratamento de efluentes com metais que contaminam a água em zonas úmidas.

Abstract The phytosorption potential of metals of Hydrocotyle ranunculoides was evaluated for the mitigation of water pollution in the high Andean wetlands of Peru. The plants were selected from 10 wetland sites in the community of Pomachaca- Tarma and were washed with potable water, dried, ground, weighed, chemically digested and read with Varian AA 240 atomic absorption equipment. The plant showed copper concentrations in the root (12.08 ± 1.67 mg/kg) greater than the stem (7.37 ± 1.00 mg/kg), followed by the leaves (7.37 ± 1.56 mg/kg). Lead concentration in the root was 0.228 ± 0.711 mg/kg, but was not found in the stem or leaves. The highest zinc concentration was in the root (67.52 ± 12.57 mg/kg) to the stem (53.30 ± 0.61 mg/kg), followed by the leaves (43.99 ± 8.49 mg/kg). Finally, iron was higher in the root (5571.28 ± 693.94 mg/kg) than in the leaves (342.76 ±122.09 mg/kg), followed by the stem (291.94 ± 54.84 mg/kg). Surrounding water had pH between 7.2 and 7.6; no copper and lead were found, zinc was 0.005 ± 0.012 mg/L and iron was 0.009± 0.007 mg/L. In the sediment, copper was 26.12 ± 0.65 mg/kg, lead 28.25 ± 2.41 mg/kg, zinc 85.98 ± 11.38 mg/kg and iron 26111.89 ± 614.37 mg/kg. These results indicate that this plant absorbs metals in the order of Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb and is an alternative for the development of phytotechnology, oriented to the treatment of effluents with metals that contaminate water in wetlands.

Resumo O estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o estado trófico de três lagos utilizados com piscicultura na região Junín-Peru, sob diferentes condições hidrológicas. Amostras de água superficial foram coletadas em três pontos em cada lago em 2018 nas estações chuvosa (março-abril) e seca (junho-julho). Foram medidos fósforo total, turbidez e clorofila-a (Chl-a). Além disso, os índices tróficos (TSI chl-a e TSI TP) foram calculados. A categorização do estado trófico da água foi realizada por meio da adaptação e cálculo do Índice de estado trófico (TSI). O TSI (TP) classificou os três lagos em ambas as estações (chuvosa e seca) como mesotróficos (30 < TSI ≤ 60). Pomacocha e Tipicocha foram classificados como eutrofóficos (60 < TSI ≤ 90) nas duas estações de acordo com a TSI (Chl a), enquanto Tranca Grande foi classificada como mesotrófico (também duas estações). Os resultados para TSI mostraram predominância de condições eutróficas e mesotróficas em todos os lagos utilizados para a produção de peixes.

Abstract The study assessed the trophic state of three lakes used as fish farms in the region of Junín-Peru, under different hydrological conditions. Surface water samples were collected from three points at each lake in 2018 during the rainy (March-April) and dry (June-July) seasons. Total phosphorus, turbidity, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were measured. Trophic indexes (TSI Chl-a, and TSI TP) were also computed. The water trophic state categorization was performed by adapting and calculating the Trophic State Index (TSI). The TSI (TP) classified the three lakes in both seasons (rainy and dry) as mesotrophic (30 < TSI ≤ 60). Pomacocha and Tipicocha were classified as eutropic (60 < TSI ≤ 90) in the two seasons according to TSI (Chl a), while Tranca Grande was classified as mesotrophic (also two seasons). The results for TSI showed a predominance of eutrophic and mesotrophic conditions in all lakes used as fish farms.

ABSTRACT The quality of the aquatic environment of the Cunas River was evaluated through environmental indicators, in two contrasting climatic periods. Anthropogenic pressures on the aquatic environment were identified, and the BOD5 load contributed by the wastewater was determined. Water samples and benthic macroinvertebrates were collected, and water quality and trophic status were determined. The BOD5 load contributed by wastewater from fish, livestock, and urban activities was 23,27kg/ day, 284,31 kg/day and 349,70 kg/day. The water quality of sectors S1, S2 and S3, according to the EPT, (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera), BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party) and H' (Shannon-Wiener diversity index) was good, regular and poor, respectively. According to the INSF (National Sanitation Foundation Index of the United States of America), the S1 and S2 presented good water quality and the S3 average water quality. According to the chlorophyll a, the three sectors had low trophic levels. Therefore, the quality of the aquatic environment supports significant anthropogenic pressures that have an impact on water quality and trophic status.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la calidad del ambiente acuático del río Cunas mediante indicadores ambientales, en dos periodos climáticos contrastantes. Se identificaron las presiones antropogénicas sobre el ambiente acuático y se determinó la carga de DBO5 aportada por las aguas residuales. Se colectaron muestras de agua y de macroinvertebrados bentónicos y se determinó la calidad del agua y el estado trófico. La carga de DBO5 que aportan las aguas residuales de las actividades piscícola, pecuaria y urbana fueron de 23,27 kg/día, 284,31 kg/día y 349,70 kg/día. La calidad de agua que presentaron los sectores S1, S2 y S3, según los índices EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera), BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party) y el H' (índice de diversidad de Shannon-Wiener), fue buena, regular y mala, respectivamente. Según el INSF (índice de la National Sanitation Foundation of the United States of America) los S1 y S2 presentaron calidad de agua buena y el S3 calidad de agua media. Según el indicador clorofila a, los tres sectores presentaron bajos niveles tróficos. Por lo tanto, la calidad del ambiente acuático soporta presiones antropogénicas significativas que repercuten en la calidad del agua y el estado trófico.

The contamination of food by heavy metals in areas irrigated with contaminated water is of great concern due to the potential risk to human health. To assess the potential risk of Pb to children's health from consumption of cow's milk in an area of the Mantaro Valley during 2018. Fifty-one children exposed to Pb and eight samples of raw cow's milk were selected. Pb concentrations were analyzed with th e atomic absorption spectrometer. The mean Pb content in milk was 0.236 ± 0.057 mg.kg-1, which exceeded the limits allowed by the Codex Alimentarius. The estimated daily intake of lead was 5.9 x 10-3 mg.kg-1day-1; the estimated risk index (HQ) was below one, which represents a low risk for children. The cancer risk was below 1.0 x 10-4. It is therefore concluded that there is no significant risk to children's health from consumption of cow's milk.

Resumo Os ecossistemas de prados andinos sofrem processos de degradação natural e antropogênica. A mudança de uso da terra para uso agrícola é a maior ameaça com grande perda de biodiversidade, seguido por um processo muito lento de revegetação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a riqueza, abundância e diversidade alfa e beta em áreas de dois, três, cinco, seis e oito anos pós-colheita Lepidium meyenni Walpers. Foram estabelecidas dez áreas afetadas para avaliação agrostológica por meio de quatro transectos lineares de pontos de interceptação com 100 registros aplicados na borda e no interior da área afetada. Amostras compostas de solo foram coletadas de cada transecto e da área de estudo para analisar suas propriedades físicas e químicas. Os dados foram analisados por meio do modelo linear generalizado misturado com Rstudio v 5.3.2 e da análise multivariada de correspondência canônica entre variáveis biológicas e ambientais, utilizando o software CANOCO v.1.4. Uma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre composição florística e diversidade alfa de acordo com o tempo de abandono e períodos sazonais. A maior riqueza e abundância foi observada entre cinco e oito anos de abandono, devido à maior presença de espécies perenes. Observou-se correspondência linear de riqueza e diversidade alfa com matéria orgânica, azoto, fósforo do solo e tempo de abandono.

Abstract The Andean grassland ecosystems undergo natural and anthropogenic degradation processes. The change of land use for agricultural use is the greatest threat, with a great loss of biodiversity followed by a very slow process of revegetalization. The objective was to assess the richness, abundance and diversity, alpha and beta, in areas of two-, three-, five-, six- and eight years of post-harvest abandonment of Lepidium meyenni Walpers. Ten affected areas were selected for agrostological evaluation, through four linear transects of interception points with 100 records each, applied on the edge and inside the affected area, inside and outside the affected areas, as well as samples composed of soils for each area. Composite soil samples were collected from each transect and study area to analyze their physical and chemical properties. The data were analyzed using the generalized linear mixed model with Rstudio v 5.3.2, and the multivariate analysis of canonical correspondence between biological and environmental variables, using CANOCO v.1.4 software. A significant difference was found between floral composition and alpha diversity according to abandonment time and seasonal periods. The greatest richness and abundance was observed between five- and eight years of abandonment, due to the greater presence of perennial species. Linear correspondence of alpha richness and diversity with organic matter, nitrogen, soil phosphorus and abandonment time was observed.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as concentrações de Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb e As em rios de águas com aptidão para a aquicultura na bacia do rio Mantaro utilizando métodos estatísticos multivariados, no período 2011-2013. A determinação do total de metais pesados em água coletada durante dois períodos climáticos contrastantes foi realizada por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, de acordo com a metodologia recomendada pela FAO. Os resultados obtidos mostram que nos sete rios avaliados a concentração média de Pb, Fe e Cu excedeu os padrões de qualidade da água continental do Peru para extração e cultivo de espécies hidrobiológicas e padrões USEPA para a proteção de peixes e vida aquática. A concentração média de Zn excedeu apenas os padrões da USEPA. Enquanto as concentrações de Pb e Cu também superaram as da OMS. A análise de agrupamento sugere que os rios avaliados, nos quais a atividade pesqueira é intensamente desenvolvida, têm características semelhantes em relação à concentração de metais pesados. De acordo com a análise dos componentes principais, no componente 1, há cargas moderadas para o arsênio; no componente 2, há uma carga forte para o zinco e cargas relativamente baixas para o ferro e, no componente 3, é uma carga moderada de ferro. A análise discriminante revelou que duas das cinco variáveis foram preditores significativos do tempo, neste caso, cobre e chumbo foram suficientes para discriminar as variáveis entre a estação chuvosa ou a estação seca.

Abstract The objective of the study was to analyze the concentration of Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb and As in river water suitable for aquaculture in the watershed of the Mantaro River using multivariate statistical methods, during the period 2011-2013. The determinations of total heavy metals in water collected during two different climatic periods were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, according to the methodology recommended by FAO. The results obtained show that, in the seven rivers evaluated, the average concentration of Pb, Fe and Cu exceeded the quality standards of Peru's continental water for the extraction and cultivation of hydrobiological species and USEPA standards for the protection of fish and aquatic life. The average concentration of Zn only exceeded USEPA standards. While the concentrations of Pb and Cu also surpassed those of the WHO. The cluster analysis suggests that the evaluated rivers, in which fish farming activity is intensively developed, have similar characteristics in relation to the concentration of heavy metals. According to the analysis of main components, in Component 1, there are moderate loads for arsenic; in Component 2, there is a strong load for zinc and relatively low loads for iron; and, in Component 3, there is a moderate load for iron. The discriminant analysis revealed that two of the five variables were significant predictors of the season; in this case, copper and lead were sufficient to discriminate the variables between the rainy or dry season.

El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la diversidad florística de los pastizales de montaña en cinco formaciones vegetales: tres pajonales y un césped de puna. Se utilizó el método de transección al pasomodificado de Parker (1951). Se encontraron 22 familias, 52 géneros y 103 especies. Las Poaceae y laAsteraceae tuvieron mayor abundancia, las especies se ordenan en dos grupos. Los índices H’ oscilan entre medio y alto (2,75 y 3,41) sin relación significativa con la cobertura del suelo. El género Calamagrostis tiene el mayor IVI: C. vicunarum (15,64), C. amoena (13,29), C. curvula (12,87). Los índices de Jaccard mostraron mayor similaridad entre las formaciones vegetales de pajonal de Festuca rígida y el de C. amoena (0,43), seguido por el pajonal de F. rígida y el de F. dolichophylla (0,42) y la relación entre el pajonal de F. rígida y del de Césped de puna tienen la menor similaridad (0,27).

This piece of work aims to study in depth the reception of the rhetorical exercise known in Latin as legislatio (confirmation or refutation of a law) in Renaissance Spain. The first part of this paper focuses on the difficulties of comprehension and interpretation faced by humanists who updated this effective training method. For those scholars the main obstacle in the exegetical process was to find out the structure underlying the model provided by Aphthonius (the refutation of the law punishing adultery with death), as they could easily identify in it a series of contradictiones and solutiones, but not the argumentative topics recommended by the Greek rhetorician. The second part of this paper studies how the theoretical precepts about the legislatio were implemented to generate two different kinds of new texts: school compositions (models intentionally written to furnish progymnasmata handbooks with developed examples which could help students to know how to go from theory to practice) and literary texts (a speech by Palmireno and a text about political philosophy by Juan de Mariana). At the end it is concluded that the use of some specific argumentative strategies in literary texts can be explained not as a result of the writer's inspiration, but as a result of mastering the ancient rhetorical technique to develop the legislatio.

Este trabajo pretende profundizar en la recepción del ejercicio retórico conocido en latín como legislatio (confirmación o refutación de una ley) en la España del Renacimiento. La primera parte del artículo se centra en las dificultades de comprensión e interpretación a que debieron enfrentarse los humanistas que actualizaron este eficaz método de entrenamiento. Para tales estudiosos el principal obstáculo en el proceso exegético fue la localización de la estructura subyacente en el modelo aportado por Aftonio (la refutación de la ley que ordenaba castigar el adulterio con pena de muerte), ya que en él pudieron identificar con facilidad una sucesión de contradictiones y solutiones, pero no los tópicos argumentativos recomendados por el retórico griego. La segunda parte de este artículo estudia la utilización de la preceptiva de la propuesta de ley en la génesis de dos tipos diferentes de nuevos textos: composiciones de carácter escolar (modelos redactados a propósito para dotar a los manuales de progymnasmata de ejemplos desarrollados que pudieran ayudar a los estudiantes a la hora de saber cómo pasar de la teoría a la práctica) y textos literarios (un discurso de Palmireno y un texto de filosofía política de Juan de Mariana). La conclusión final de este análisis es que el uso de ciertas estrategias argumentativas específicas en textos literarios puede explicarse no como fruto de la libre imaginación del escritor, sino de su dominio de la antigua técnica retórica para el desarrollo de la legislatio.